Expulsion of Jews from Portugal
On December 5, 1497, King Manuel I of Portugal issued an edict requiring all Jews to either convert to Christianity or leave the kingdom. Unlike the Spanish expulsion of 1492, the Portuguese decree largely forced conversion, as Manuel I imposed restrictions on emigration and sought to retain Jewish economic and financial skills within the country.
Jewish communities had been present in Portugal for centuries, participating in trade, finance, medicine, and other professions. Following the edict, many Jews converted under pressure and became known as “New Christians” or conversos. Others attempted to flee to Spain, North Africa, or the Ottoman Empire, although many were prevented from leaving.
The expulsion and forced conversions significantly altered the religious and demographic composition of Portugal. Subsequent generations of New Christians faced social suspicion, restrictions, and persecution, including by the Inquisition, which was established in Portugal in 1536 to enforce religious orthodoxy.
